第17讲

一、Language points

二、题型归纳──短文改错的解题要决

短文改错要做好，常见类型要记牢。

名词爱考数与格，冠词在前错多少。

动词时态和语态，非谓搭配莫错了。

连代形副错一样，多是故意来混淆。

介词多半考搭配，多漏误用想周到。

句法涉及到一致，从句多考关系词。

语法句法均未错，逻辑推理去寻找。

一一二六惯常比，回读复查敲定稿。

注：①“一致”包括主谓一致，代词及相应的限定词在数、性、人称方面的一致，主语与主语补语，宾语与宾语补足语的一致。②“一一二六”通常指一处对，一处多余，两处需补加成分，六处需更改，当然此非定比，仅供参考。

1. 常见词法错误。短文改错试题中的词法错误主要包括动词、名词、冠词、形容词、副词、代词和介词等词类误用，同义词混淆使用，固定搭配错误等方面。根据句子成分分析句子结构和具体词的含义从而作出正确的判断是解答此类试题的关键。

①动词。设错的形式一般有：动词的时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、谓语动词缺失、短暂性动词和延续性动词混用等。

例：I will send you the photos we take together last week.[分析]考查谓语动词时态。根据句意“我将给你发送我们上周拍摄的照片”可知，照片为过去拍摄的，所以应用一般过去时。

例：The color TV set produced in their factory are selling to several countries.[分析]考查谓语动词语态。根据句意“他们工厂生产的彩色电视机被卖到许多国家”可知，要用被动语态。

例：More than one student have attended the meeting about the wildlife protection.[分析]考查主谓一致。many a, more than one修饰单数名词，概念上表示复数意义，但中心词是单数，所以谓语动词应用单数形式。

例：We found that some little girls were made do the job from morning till night.[分析]考查非谓语动词。make后接不带to的不定式作宾补，但在被动语态中，不定式符号to不能省略。

例：According to the survey, students working to earn money for their own use.[分析]谓语动词缺失。该句中working是v-ing形式，不可以单独作谓语，根据句意应将working改为原形work作谓语动词。

例：They had got in touch with each other for ages before they met at last.[分析]考查短暂性动词和延续性动词辨析。get in touch with表示短暂性动作，不能和表示时间段的for ages连用，所以应将got改为kept或been。

②名词。主要是对可数名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词所有格、名词作定语等的考查。

例：Xiao Ming and I walked into the bar and ordered two coffee.

[分析]考查可数名词单复数的误用。coffee本是不可数名词，但和数词连用时为可数名词，表示“一杯咖啡”，因此两杯coffee要改为coffees。

例：Holding the Olympic Games is great success to our country.

[分析]考查抽象名词具体化。success当“成功”讲时是不可数名词，但指具体的一件事时，是可数名词，前面须加不定冠词a。

例：The woman teachers are dancing in the hall and everyone is happy.

[分析]考查名词作定语。man, woman等作定语时，其单复数形式以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。此处应该把woman改为women。

③冠词。主要是从固定搭配中冠词的误用、冠词漏用、不定冠词a和an的误用等方面进行考查。

例：Suddenly, I caught a sight of my old friend in the crowd.

[分析]考查固定搭配。catch sight of为固定搭配，意为“瞥见”。

例：Everyone knows that the sun rises in east.[分析]考查冠词漏用。在表示方位、方向等的名词前要用定冠词the。

例：On the way to the village, they met a 11-year-old boy who looked a little frightened.[分析]考查不定冠词。短语11-year-old的读音是以元音音素[i]开头，所以其前应用不定冠词an。

④形容词、副词。在试题中一般设两行，难度适中，常见的考点有：形容词和副词的误用、形容词和副词比较等级的误用、比较等级修饰语的误用等。

例：Some students will be happy in an open educational school than in a traditional classroom.[分析]考查形容词的比较等级。该句中含有一个than的比较级句型，因此happy应改为happier。

例：I was very angry, but they were very angrier.[分析]考查比较等级的修饰语。比较级前可用表示程度的副词，如even, much, very much, still, any, a lot, a bit, a little, far等来修饰，而very, quite, so, fairly等词不可修饰形容词或副词的比较级。

⑤代词。常见的考点有：人称代词与物主代词的误用、不定代词的误用等。此类试题解答的关键是准确把握行文逻辑关系。

例：The twins begin to hate this kind of work that can destroy his happiness.[分析]考查物主代词。该句的主语是twins为复数形式，后面的代词his为单数形式与主语不一致，所以应把his改为their。

例：He and his children felt tired but neither of them would stop to have a rest.[分析]考查不定代词。neither指“两个都不”，该句明显是指三个或三个以上的人，所以neither应改为none。

⑥介词。主要考查介词的多用或遗漏。

例：Last Sunday we took a bus to visit to a factory.

[分析]考查介词的多用。visit作名词用时，后常和介词to连用，构成短语pay a visit to意为“参观，拜访”；但作动词时为及物动词，后面直接跟表示地点的名词。

例：I disagreed him about how we ought to deal with the matter.

[分析]考查介词的遗漏。Disagree with sb about sth意为“不同意某人某事”。

2. 常见句法错误。短文改错中的句法错误通常表现为简单句、复合句以及疑问句、祈使句、感叹句和强调句等错误。这类句子在短文改错中所占的比例较大，解答此类试题时，对句子结构分析正确很关键。

①简单句。考查主要以基本的句型为主。

例：His words made all of us were happy.[分析]考查简单句。make后接复合宾语，因此应去掉be动词were。

例：How beautiful flowers he gave me as a present for my birthday!

[分析]考查感叹句的感叹词。该句中beatiful修饰的是名词flowers，所以应用what来引导。

例：There had a discussion on how to solve the problem yesterday afternoon.[分析]考查there be句型。There be句型表示“有”，谓语动词要用be动词。

②强调句。考查其基本的句型结构。

例：It was at midnight when my brother and I got back home yesterday.

[分析]考查强调句型。判断it is…句型是不是强调句型主要是看能否将此句恢复成原句，即能否把it is/was…that/who…去掉。如果去掉后，剩下的成分仍然能组成一个完整的句子，就是强调句型，否则就不是。

例：Why is that smoking is not allowed here?[分析]此句是个强调句。强调疑问词为why，将该句强调句型去掉并还原就成了：Why is smoking not allowed here?

③复合句。主要是对状语从句、定语从句、名词性从句等的考查。解答此类试题的关键是在读懂句意的基础上判断它属于什么从句。

例：When he was a little boy, his mother was very poor that she had to send him to a rich family.[分析]考查状语从句。该句是so…that…句型，意为“如此…以至于…”，very改为so。

例：The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through it he could climb out.[分析]考查定语从句。分析句子可知，两个分句之间没有任何并列连词，因此不是并列句。后一分句应该是定语从句修饰先行词hole，所以应将it改为关系代词which。

3. 常见行文逻辑错误。很多情况下，在短文改错试题中，判断错误不能只从某个词本身，甚至不能只从整个句子本身看，而要从上下文，乃至整篇文章去理解。这属于对文章逻辑关系的考查，这就要求我们做题时要准确把握文章的意思、内在的逻辑关系、篇章结构等。

（1）前后句之间和上下文中的逻辑错误。

例：This was a lie, and his teacher did not know.[分析]考查上下句之间的逻辑关系，它们应该是转折关系，因此要将and改为but。

例：Xiao Ming and I went to the same school and then to the same university. So we hadn’t met each other since then.[分析]前后两个句子应该是转折关系，而不是因果关系。

（2）代词或副词指代所引起的逻辑错误。

例：I gave private make-up lessons to three of my friends, so that we would have a chance of passing the examination.[分析]考查代词指代。根据句意可以看出前后人称不一致。应把we改为they，指代three of my friends。

例：I’ll never forget the first day at that factory. We arrived here early in the morning.[分析]由“that factory”可知，作者在写这句话时，立足点不是在工厂，故应将here改为there表示离说话人较远的地方。