1. by
①  通过某种方式，后面接名词或动名词。
     They travelled to Chicago by train.
     我通过听磁带学习英语。
     I study English by listening to tapes.
②  通过某条路、某入口、门、窗等
     They came in by the back door.
     走乡下的路更快一些。
     It's quicker to go by the country road.
③ 靠近; 在……旁边
     She stood by the window.
     他走过去坐在汤姆身边。
     He went over and sat by Tom.
2. talk about    谈论；议论；讨论
    与某人谈话
    ---你们在谈论什么？
    ---What are you talking about?
    ---我们在谈论如何学习。
    ---We are talking about how to study.
    你在和谁谈话？
    Who are you taking to?
3. 怎样提建议？
① What/How about (doing) sth.?
② Why don’t you do sth.?
• ③  Why not do sth.?
④  Let’s do sth.
⑤ Shall I/we do sth.?
 4. aloud/loud/loudly
① aloud为副词，表示“出声地、大声地” 常与 read，say，call，think等动词连用。 常可用out loud替换。aloud没有比较级。
     He read his sister’s letter aloud.
     Read it aloud so we can all hear.
    =Read it out loud so we can all hear.
     The pain made him cry aloud. (=cry out loud)
• ③  Why not do sth.?
④  Let’s do sth.
⑤ Shall I/we do sth.?
 4. aloud/loud/loudly
① aloud为副词，表示“出声地、大声地” 常与 read，say，call，think等动词连用。 常可用out loud替换。aloud没有比较级。
     He read his sister’s letter aloud.
     Read it aloud so we can all hear.
    =Read it out loud so we can all hear.
     The pain made him cry aloud. (=cry out loud)
    ---What did you say?
    ---Sorry, I was just thinking aloud./thinking out loud
② loud可用作形容词或副词。作副词时表示“大声地；喧闹地”。out loud表示“出声地”，同aloud。
    Could you speak a little louder?
    You've got the telly on too loud.
   John laughed out loud in astonishment.
③ loudly大声地；嘈杂地；喧闹地,与loud做副词时用法相同，但更侧重于贬义，常含有打扰别人，令人讨厌的意思。
     Ben laughed loudly.
     She spoke very loudly.
5. not(…)at all
① 一点也不，根本不
--Do you mind if I stay a little longer?
--No, not at all.
我根本不喜欢这本书。
I didn’t like this book at all.
② 不客气
--Thanks for helping me with my English.
--Not at all.
6.  excited兴奋的；激动的
用法点睛：
be/get excited about (doing) sth. 
be/get excited to do sth.
be/get excited (that)
如：
Steve flies home tomorrow - we're all really excited.
Tom is excited about visiting China.
汤姆对于访问中国感到兴奋。
 
She was very excited to hear from him.
她收到他的来信很兴奋。
I'm excited that we're going to New York.
我们就要去纽约了，我很兴奋。
7. end up
用法点睛   end up doing以做某事结束；
               end up with以某事结束
               end up like最后像……一样
               end up as最后成为
Most slimmers(减肥者) end up putting weight back on.
                用like, as, with填空
Much of this meat will probably end up ______ dog food.
  
Anyone who is caught in the rain could end up ______ a cold.
  
 I don't want to end up ______ my parents.
   
① 聚会以他的歌曲结束。
② 我们原打算出去，最后却看起了电视。
③ 你想最后像他一样吗？
④ 经过四年的努力学习，她最后成了一名英语教师。
8. first of all _________
to begin with___________                     later on ______________
   First of all, I'd like to thank everyone for coming.
   The hotel was awful! To begin with, our room was far too small.
   There were six of us to begin with, then two people left.
  I can't eat all of this - I'll finish it later on.
9. realize  vt.
I suddenly realized that the boy was crying.
 
  
She never realized her dream of winning an Olympic gold medal.
She realized a childhood dream when she became a singer.
当成为一名歌星时，她圆了童年的梦想。 
10.also, either, too 也
   also用于句中；either用于否定句；too用于肯定句。
吸烟会使你生病，也会花很多钱。
用also改写后句：
我没有看过这部电影，我弟弟也没看过。
用also改写后半句
10. be afraid to do 害怕去做；不敢去做
be afraid害怕；担心
be afraid of (doing) sth. 害怕；担心（某事） 
 be afraid that 害怕；担心（某事）；恐怕
There is no need to be afraid.
她担心掉进河里。
She was afraid to go back to the house.
我恐怕他不会帮助你的。
11. laugh at
He was afraid that the other kids would laugh at him.
不要害怕犯错误。没有人会嘲笑你的。
12. take notes 做笔记
当读书时，我总是记笔记。
13. look up
① 向上看
  She looked up (from her book) when I entered the room.
② （在字典、参考书中）查阅；查找（生词、信息）
  If you don’t know how a word is used, look the word up in a dictionary.(=look up the word)
③ 赞赏或尊敬某人（与to搭配）
   She always looks up to her father.
14. make up
① 编造
  We like learning English by making up conversations.
   Stop making up excuses.
② 组成；拼凑成
  15 people from different countries make up the team.
   Society is made up of people of different abilities.
15. deal with       (dealt, dealt)
① 处理问题或任务
  Don’t worry. I’ll deal with this.
  They failed to deal with the problem of homelessness in the city.
② 对待、应付某人
  How do you deal with a naughty boy?
  They tried to deal politely with angry customers.
16. unless
   如果不；除非，引导条件状语从句，相当于if not)。遵循主将从现的原则。
  He won’t go to sleep unless you tell him a story. (=if you don’t tell him a story.)
  I can't leave her unless I know she’s all right.
17. regard
    vt.将……视为
  用法指南：regard …as+名词/形容词
  Her parents always regarded her as a clever girl.
His teacher regarded his work as very good.
在赢得比赛后，他被人们视为英雄。
He was regarded as a hero after he won the match.
18. be angry with生某人的气；对某人感到气愤
     Please don’t be angry with me.
     be angry about/over sth.对某事生气；因某事生气
    She is still so angry about his words.      
19. try one’s best (to do) 尽力做
     The work is not easy but I’m  trying my best.
      I tried my best to comfort her.
20. compare…to/with…与……作比较
      The police compared his fingerprints with those on the cup.
      compare …to…将……比作……
      Poets like to compare girls to flowers.
21. break off 突然中止；中断；（使）掉下；脱落
    可用作及物动词短语或不及物动词短语。
She started to speak, then broke off while a waitress served us coffee.
One of the car's wing mirrors broke off.
I broke off the conversation and answered the phone.
It must be sad to break off a friendship.
He broke off a piece of bread.
Grammar-Present Perfect Tense
(1) 现在完成时的句型结构
①肯定句：主语+ have/has+ 过去分词
②否定句：主语+ have/has+ not+过去分词
③疑问句：Have/Has +主语+过去分词
(2) 现在完成时的用法
①表示到目前为止曾经有过的或未曾有过的经历和体验。常和never, ever, several times等连用。
如： I’ve never been to Africa.
---Have you ever been to Tokyo?
---I’ve been there three times.
  
②. 表示某动作从过去开始，现在刚刚完成，对现在有一定的影响。常与just, already, yet, so far等词语连用。
如：
He has just finished his new book.
How long have you had this bike?

I’ve already seen that movie so I’ll not go with you tonight. 
注意：just now用于过去时。
③.表示某动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在，可能还会持续下去。通常与for或since连用。
如：
Tom has taught in this school since he came to China.
  
    汤姆自从来到中国，就一直在在这所学校教英语。
总结:
   ① for+一段时间，since后接一个过去的时间点或一般过去时的句子。
   ② how long提问的问句或是句中含有since/for引导的表示一段时间的状语时，谓语要用延续性动词。
(3) 过去式/分词的构成
listen-                 , talk-
live-                , hope-
worry-                 , hurry-
④ 以重读闭音节结尾，且结尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写辅音字母，再加-ed。
drop-                 ,        plan-               ,
stop-
⑤ 不规则变化
cut-               , come-
begin-                        , lend-