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第一讲：名词

一、名词的分类

1. 专有名词

表示____________________________________________________。

如： Tom, Peking University, the United Nations

特性：

① __________________________________________。

② __________________________________________。

2. 普通名词

泛指__________________________________________。

如： student, actor, money

分为：

可数名词  如：_________________________

不可数名词 如：__________________________________

   可数名词包括：

个体名词：________________________________________________

如：garden, actor, hammer

集体名词：________________________________________________

如：family, class, staff, team

   集体名词做主语时谓语动词用单数还是复数？

        如：My class _______________(be) rather noisy yesterday.

The audience_ _____________________________________________

The staff is/are against the plan.

强调集体：动词用__________

如：His family is very large-he has three sons and two daughters.

强调个体：动词用_________     

如：My family ______________________.

有些集体名词做主语时动词只用复数：    ________________________________

如：The police ______________________________.

The cattle_______________________________________

   不可数名词包括：

物质名词：表示__________________________________________

如： cotton, water, ink, wood

抽像名词：表示_______________________________________________

如：_______________________________________________________

   物质名词的特殊情况

1. 有些可用作可数名词表示：________________________

如：_____________________________________

He can’t drink much. _____________________________________.

_________________________________________________

2. 部分物质名词的复数形式__________________

如：The island _________________________________________.

waters__________________________         

Villagers are __________________________________________________.

rains 雨季     sands沙滩       woods森林

部分物质/抽象名词可作个体名词，但含义不同

二.名词的数

1. 规则名词复数的构成

(1) ___________

如：cook—_____________, canal—_____________, monkey—______________

(2) __________________________

如：bus—_____________, brush—_____________, coach—_____________

      注意：以s结尾的专有名词：_____________

如：Charles-______________________

(3) ________________________

如：story—_____________, county—_____________

注意：

① 以元音字母+y结尾：_______________

如：

boy—_____________, ray—_____________, bay—_____________

      ② 以y结尾的专有名词：____________________

如：Mary—_______________

January—______________________

(4) 以o结尾的名词。

①__________________

        如：radio—_____________, photo—_____________, kilo—_____________, zoo—_____________,  piano—_____________, bamboo—_____________, studio—_____________

② __________________

如：mosquito—_____________, hero—_____________

tomato—_____________, potato—_____________,

③ 两种情况均可
如：zero—___________________, motto—_____________________,

volcano—__________________________

(5) 以f/fe结尾的词

① ________________________________

如：___________________________________________________________________

② ________________________

如：roof—_____________, gulf—_____________, safe—_____________,

chief—_____________, belief—_____________, cliff—_____________

grief—_____________, proof—_____________

③ 个别有__________________  

如：scarf —_____________handkerchief—_______________________________,

hoof—_____________, dwarf—_____________  

2.不规则名词复数的构成

(1) ________________

如： man—_____________, goose—_____________, tooth—_____________

(2) ________________

如：_______________________________________________________

(3) ____________________

如：mouse—_____________,  child—_____________,    medium—_____________,

bacterium—_____________, ox—_____________, phenomenon—_____________

3. 复合名词复数的构成

(1) _____________________________________

如：shoe-repairer—_________________,      mother-in-law—____________________,

passer-by—_________________,    looker-on—____________________

editor-in-chief—_____________________,     green-hand—____________________

(2) _____________________________

如：forget-me-not—_____________, good-for-nothing—_____________

merry-go-round—____________________,    press-up—____________________

has-been—_________________

(3) ________________________________________________________。

如：man cook—_____________, woman writer—_____________

注意：boy/girl student—_________________

4. 字母、符号、数字等：__________

如：______________________________________________

      ______________________________________________

5. “某国人”的单复数变化：

___________________________________________________

如：

Chinese—_____________     Japanese—_____________    Swiss—_____________

Englishman—_____________ Frenchman—_____________　　

American—_____________   Australian—_____________ Canadian—_____________

Korean—_____________      Russian—_____________     Indian—_____________

German—_____________

注意：

1. 有些名词习惯以复数形式出现:

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. 部分名词在短语中习惯以复数形式出现：

      ______________________情绪高昂/低落

      ______________________为……做准备

      ______________________轮流(做某事)

      ______________________努力做某事

      ______________________收支平衡

      ______________________同……保持联系

      ______________________修理；修补

三．名词所有格

名词所有格表示_______________。

如：________________________________________

1.’s所有格

 (1) 构成

在名词后加_________，词尾有______________________

如：________________________________________________________________________    
注意：________________________________________________

(2) 运用

① 多用于_________________________________

         如：______________________________________

② 也可用于________________________________________________________

         如：______________________________________________________

             ______________________________________________________

_______________________________

比较：

          ________________________________

          ________________________________

(3) ’s所有格后名词的省略

① _______________________________

如：_____________________________________.

② ______________________________________________________

如：_______________________________________

             _______________________________________

2. of所有格

① 多用于_____________________

如：________________________________________

    __________________________________

② 也可用于______________________

如：______________________________________________

    _________________________________________________

(3). ’s所有格和of所有格的比较

① _____________________________

如：the name of that plant=_________________________,

senior members of the club=____________________________________

② _________________________________

如：______________________,  _________________________

③ ________________________________________________________

如：________________________________, _________________________________

 3. 双重所有格

双重所有格：_____________________________________________________________

如：______________________________， _________________________________

四. 不可数名词的量化表达

 (1) 用_____________________________________________________________________等表示

如：

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2). 用_______________

如：

__________________________________________________________________

(3) 用___________________

如：

__________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

五.名词的语法功能

1. 作__________

如：______________________________.

2. 作__________

如：I like _______________.

         _____________________________.

3. 作___________

如：___________________________.

4. 作___________

如：____________________________.

5. 作_____________

如：____________________________.

注意：______________________________________________________________

如：_________________________________________________________________________

6. 作_____________

如：__________________________.

         __________________________.

7. 名词作定语的注意事项：

(1) _____________________________

如：__________________________________________

(2) ______________________________________________________

如：______________________________________________________

    ______________________________________________________

   _________________________________________________________

注意：_________________________________________

(3) _______________________

如：__________________________________________________________________________